Extreme cold
Note
The impacts of extreme cold spells are closely linked to the effects of other factors, such as longer periods of extreme cold and cold waves. For that reason, this page will take a comprehensive approach to addressing the consequences of “extreme cold,” covering the various phenomena associated with cold weather.
There are several adaptation strategies for coping with extreme cold events. These include alerting and monitoring systems, as well as specific measures in the areas of health, agriculture and housing.
Alerting and monitoring systems
In response to extreme cold events, Environment and Climate Change Canada issues warnings:
To health organizations so that they can prepare for an increase in emergency department admissions
To individuals so that they can take precautions to avoid excessive exposure to intense cold
In Quebec, extreme cold warnings are issued when the temperature or expected wind chill index reaches -38°C for at least two hours. This threshold is -48°C in northern Quebec.
Health
Individual prevention is encouraged to deal with episodes of extreme cold. This includes:
Wearing appropriate warm clothing
Checking the weather conditions and warnings
Taking breaks in heated places
Abstaining from alcohol and cigarettes
Engaging in regular physical activity while avoiding rigorous exertion when exposed to extreme cold
Programs to help people who are experiencing homelessness or are exposed to the cold are also effective in reducing health risks. Examples include heated shelters, fact sheets and cold protection kits.
For buildings and infrastructure
The state of a home’s insulation impacts the health and well-being of its inhabitants. Individual actions such as home maintenance, sealing doors and windows, and installing a good heating system can improve residents’ comfort.
In addition, the maintenance of municipal infrastructure and investments in it can reduce risks associated with extreme cold conditions, such as the rupture of aging water mains.
Agriculture
In agriculture, a few preventive practices and agronomic approaches can reduce the risk of cold-related mortality. These include selecting cold-tolerant crop varieties, treating seeds, and applying growth hormones to reduce thermal stress.
In indoor environments, where the temperature is generally better controlled, steps can be taken to reduce the risks associated with the cold. For example, in structures such as greenhouses, barns and milking parlours, supplementary heating systems are recommended.
Animals that stay outside must be protected from winter conditions. It is recommended to provide them with shelter against wind and weather to help them maintain an appropriate body temperature. Since their energy needs increase in very cold weather, it’s crucial to provide them with enough food and warm water.
